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The more common benign surgical diseases of the colon are caused by inflammation of the lining or outpouchings/pockets on the walls. Inflammatory diseases of the colon include Crohn's disease (Crohn's colitis) and ulcerative colitis.

Surgical endoscopists or gastroenterologists can perform the colonoscopic evaluation with biopsies prior to the surgical planning. As necessary, the surgeons can use a colonoscopy during the surgical procedure for complete treatment of the pathologic process.